What is meant by a Shari' (religiously) excused person?
In Fiqh Hanafi, a Shari' excused person (Ma'zoor Shari') is someone who has a valid excuse due to which they do not get enough time in a complete prayer time to perform ablution (Wudu) and offer the obligatory (Fard) prayer.
This excuse usually occurs in the following situations:
Continuous dripping of urine.
Istihaza (bleeding in women other than menstruation and postpartum bleeding).
Continuous passing of wind.
Continuous bleeding from a wound.
Conditions for becoming a Shari' excused person
(1) Condition for initially becoming excused
The condition for declaring a person excused is that:
> A complete prayer time passes in such a way that the excuse does not stop, and there is not enough time to perform ablution and offer the obligatory prayer.
Reference:
Al-Durr al-Mukhtar ma'a Radd al-Muhtar
> (The excuse is established by encompassing a complete time)
Al-Hidayah, Kitab al-Taharah
(2) Condition for remaining excused
Once a person becomes excused, they will remain excused if the excuse is found even once in every subsequent prayer time.
Reference:
Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, Volume 1
Bada'i al-Sana'i
(3) Condition for the end of the excuse
When a complete prayer time passes in such a way that the excuse does not appear at all, then the excuse will end.
Reference:
Radd al-Muhtar
Rules of purification for a Shari' excused person
Rule of ablution (Wudu)
The excused person will perform a new ablution after the start of each prayer time.
With this ablution, they can perform as many obligatory (Fard), voluntary (Nafl), recitation (Tilawat), prostration of recitation (Sajdah Tilawat), etc., as they want in that time.
The ablution will also end as soon as the time ends.
Reference:
Al-Durr al-Mukhtar
Bada'i al-Sana'i
Rule of clothes and body
If impurity repeatedly occurs due to the excuse and there is a risk of illness in washing it repeatedly, then it is not necessary to wash it every time; one should inquire about it.
It is better to purify it as much as possible before prayer.
Reference:
Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya
Rules of prayer for a Shari' excused person
1. New ablution is necessary in every prayer time.
2. If the excuse continues during the prayer, the prayer will not be invalidated.
3. Can participate in congregation.
4. Can also offer missed prayers (Qaza) with the same ablution (as long as the time remains).
Reference:
Al-Hidayah
Radd al-Muhtar
Rule of fasting for a Shari' excused person
Being a Shari' excused person has no effect on fasting.
If there is an excuse (e.g., Istihaza), the fast will be valid.
However, if there is a disease that makes fasting harmful, there will be a separate ruling.
Reference:
Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya
Bada'i al-Sana'i
And Allah knows best the truth.